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Comprehensively promoting the reform of the power system is related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and is an important measure to adapt to the new situation of green transformation in the economy and society. Recently, the "Measures for the Supervision of the Electricity Market" (hereinafter referred to as the "Measures") have been officially issued and will come into effect on June 1st of this year. With the continuous deepening of low-carbon transformation in the energy structure, the safety, reliability, and real-time performance of the new power system are facing more challenges. It is particularly important to build a unified, open, competitive, and orderly power market environment.

Several experts stated in interviews with People's Daily Online that the "Measures" have made important supplements and improvements to the existing regulatory system, paying special attention to new market entities such as new energy storage, virtual power plants, and load aggregators. Innovative measures such as third-party agency business evaluation, regulatory information system application, and credit supervision mechanisms have been introduced to fully respond to the new situation of electricity market development and provide more detailed operational guidelines for maintaining the order of the electricity market.

Clarify responsibilities and establish a fair trade protection mechanism

In recent years, the development pace of the national unified electricity market system has been accelerating, and building a fair, orderly, efficient and flexible electricity market trading supervision system is becoming the key to development. Data shows that in the first quarter of this year, the national electricity market traded electricity reached 1.42484 trillion kilowatt hours, a year-on-year increase of 7.7%. As of the end of 2023, the number of registered entities in the national electricity market has reached 708000, with an annual trading volume of 5.7 trillion kilowatt hours, a year-on-year increase of 7.9%, accounting for 61.4% of the total electricity consumption in society, an increase of 0.6 percentage points from the previous year.

The connection between economic responsibility and transaction mechanism is of paramount importance in promoting the development of the electricity market regulatory system. The standardized operation of electricity market transactions cannot be separated from a mutually connected, complete and orderly rule system and division of responsibilities. This regulation standardizes the responsibilities of electricity market entities, including electricity trading entities, electricity market operators, and power grid enterprises providing transmission and distribution services, and constrains market access, exit, and intervention behavior. At the same time, it clarifies the responsibilities and implementation methods of regulatory agencies, covering safety obligations, trading qualifications, execution standards, etc., to prevent unfair competition in the market.

At present, China has separated power trading and grid operation at the national and provincial levels, and since 2016, 32 power trading centers have been established in Beijing, Guangzhou, and other cities. These trading centers are located within the management areas of State Grid and Southern Power Grid. Although some of the trading centers' funds still come from grid transmission and distribution fees, the shareholding ratios of power grid companies have decreased to below 50% and below 40%, respectively. This relatively independent operating mode has laid the foundation for information disclosure in electricity market transactions.

For a long time, regulatory offices of energy bureaus in various regions have continuously improved their regulatory efficiency, reasonably safeguarded the rights and interests of both power supply and consumption parties, and fundamentally ensured the trading quality of the electricity market. Fujian has successively released credit data lists, credit behavior lists, and information application lists for market entities in the energy industry; Sichuan implements full coverage on-site verification of untrustworthy market entities, and implements a notification commitment system and optimizes subsequent processing procedures for trustworthy market entities; Yunnan has established a monthly consultation mechanism for dam hydropower, forming a timetable and roadmap for improving the level of power safety management

It is reported that the "Measures" have added multiple innovative regulatory measures, clarifying the regulatory measures for electricity trading entities' breach of contract, abuse of market dominance to manipulate market prices, failure to disclose information in accordance with regulations, and other dishonest behaviors nationwide. Through the energy industry credit information platform, unified records are made, and graded and classified supervision corresponding to their degree of dishonesty is implemented.

Continuous improvement of demand priority trading operation standards

Previously, in the natural monopoly part of market-oriented transactions in the power industry, power grid companies have gradually shifted from profit intermediaries to providers focused on transmission services, promoting fully market-oriented pricing on the generation side. With the approval of transmission and distribution electricity prices in the third regulatory cycle, all industrial and commercial users have entered the market for trading, promoting the popularization and acceptance of demand pricing mechanisms and helping to achieve more flexible and efficient electricity market operations.

In the eyes of many industry experts, the entry of a large number of small and medium-sized industrial and commercial users with diverse needs into the market is a challenge for both the electricity market and the users themselves. Nowadays, electronic trading has become one of the key technologies to enhance the regulatory capacity of the electricity market. Guangdong, Shanxi and other places have broken through the traditional electricity market trading mode by building electricity retail platforms, achieving precise monitoring and real-time analysis of market behavior, preventing market manipulation and unfair transactions, improving the transparency and efficiency of transactions, while reducing costs and strengthening market regulatory mechanisms.

Taking a third-party electricity trading retail platform as an example, the trading center can monitor the entire online process and provide operational services. It has functions such as electronic signing and information disclosure, allowing electricity users to see the credit ratings of various electricity sales companies. According to relevant officials, as of the end of last year, over 30000 electricity users had signed retail contracts with 155 electricity sales companies. This more standardized and transparent approach allows small and medium-sized users to enter the market with confidence and participate in transactions.

The retail contract with capped terms in the transaction setting allows users to fully understand potential transaction risks and avoid individual power sales companies misleading users through information asymmetry, "said Professor Zhou Ming from North China Electric Power University. The relevant regulations clearly propose a risk warning mechanism for terminal retail transactions, including requiring power sales companies to disclose market information such as monthly average purchase costs and deviation assessment fees to proxy enterprises, providing policy and regulation query and risk notification jump functions on the trading platform, and setting a 24-hour cooling off period to avoid users' impulsive behavior.

Recently, Zhejiang, known as the "energy consuming province", has released multiple new policies on electricity marketization, focusing on promoting healthy competition in the electricity market and enabling users to access electricity with lower costs and more transparent prices. Zhejiang will change its medium and long-term trading model from a three minute time to a single one, guiding electricity prices to effectively link with coal prices, while adjusting the price of excess electricity generation in the medium and long term, and incentivizing power generation and sales to fully participate in market competition.

Electricity price is the core element of electricity market reform and a direct reflection of the degree of marketization. The Measures focus on the regulatory requirements for electricity trading prices, clarify the pricing mechanism and other trading behaviors, standardize the principles and adjustment procedures of price setting, and strictly supervise market entities' price manipulation, collusive bidding, unfair competition and other behaviors, further providing solid guarantees for the long-term stable development of the electricity market.

Green leadership helps build a new type of power system

In 2023, renewable energy generation will historically exceed the installed capacity of thermal power, and the proportion of renewable energy participating in electricity market transactions will reach 47.3%. The integration of a large amount of renewable energy has reduced carbon emissions in the power industry and posed challenges to the safety and stability of the power grid, increasing the consumption test of new energy generation.

Promoting the market-oriented consumption of new energy has become an important way to solve the problem of consumption. The Measures for the Supervision of Full Guarantee Acquisition of Renewable Energy Electricity, which came into effect in April this year, stipulate that the power grid will no longer be obligated to fully acquire renewable energy electricity, which means that the trading of renewable energy electricity such as distributed photovoltaics has officially entered the stage of market-oriented and standardized operation. And this "Measures" create a fair competitive environment for new electricity market regulatory entities such as energy storage and virtual power plants, promoting technological progress and business innovation in the entire electricity industry.

The core requirement of major reforms in the energy sector is to shift from dual control of energy consumption to dual control of carbon emissions, and the key measure is to delegate the responsibility of green electricity consumption to market entities. Experts say that this measure will promote the effective connection between the responsibility of renewable energy consumption and green certificate policies, and promote the continuous growth of the consumption of renewable energy electricity and its proportion in the total electricity consumption of society.

Currently, the scale of green power trading accounts for only 7.9% of the market-oriented trading of new energy. Recently, Henan Province released four types of integrated source grid load storage projects for industrial enterprises, incremental distribution networks, family workshops, and whole village development, encouraging the implementation of market-oriented transactions for distributed photovoltaic projects. Previously, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Shanghai have successively tried similar models. This standardized "wall sales" model is believed to promote the development of green electricity trading, and is also expected to enhance the profitability of distributed projects and promote investment in new energy projects.

To ensure fair access of new energy and new entities to the power grid, it is necessary to promote the participation of new energy in electricity trading in a steady and orderly manner. Pan Yuelong, Chairman of the Supervisory Committee of the China Electricity Council, believes that we should actively carry out research on electricity regulatory standards and technologies under the background of the new power system, cooperate with the construction of the electricity market system and mechanism, promote the connection of segmented markets such as medium and long-term, spot, and auxiliary services, and use high-quality supervision to promote the high-quality development of energy in the new era. (Liu Yuqing also contributed to this article)